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UPPER()

Overview

UPPER() converts all characters in a string to their uppercase equivalents. This function is the opposite of LOWER(), which converts characters to lowercase. UPPER() is commonly used for text standardization, case-insensitive comparisons, and data normalization.

Function Format

UPPER(string)

Return Value

UPPER() returns a character string

Examples

// Basic conversion
UPPER("apples") = "APPLES"

// Mixed case conversion
UPPER("Apples and Oranges") = "APPLES AND ORANGES"

// Additional examples
UPPER("hello world") = "HELLO WORLD"     // All lowercase
UPPER("Hello World") = "HELLO WORLD"     // Mixed case
UPPER("HELLO WORLD") = "HELLO WORLD"     // Already uppercase
UPPER("123abc") = "123ABC"              // Numbers and letters

Notes

• Important behaviors:
  • Converts all characters to uppercase
  • Preserves non-alphabetic characters
  • No effect on already uppercase characters
  • Maintains string length
  • Preserves spaces and special characters
• Common use cases include:
  • Text standardization
  • Case-insensitive comparisons
  • Data normalization
  • Display formatting
  • Search operations
• The function is useful for:
  • Data cleaning
  • Text processing
  • String comparison
  • Output formatting
• Important considerations:
  • Opposite of LOWER() function
  • No effect on numbers or special characters
  • Preserves string structure
  • Useful for case-insensitive operations

See Also

• LOWER()
• PROPER()
• TRANSLATE()
• REPLACE()